What is the role of histones in chromosomes?

Histones play a crucial role in organizing and packaging DNA within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. They are proteins that bind to DNA, enabling it to be tightly wound into chromatin, which ultimately forms chromosomes. This compact structure is necessary not only for the efficient storage of genetic information but also for protecting the DNA from enzymatic degradation, as the histones shield the DNA from potential damage by nucleases and other harmful agents. The association of DNA with histones also helps regulate access to the genetic code, influencing gene expression.

While histones may indirectly affect processes like RNA transcription by organizing chromatin into a more or less accessible form, their primary function within the context of chromosomes is focused on the protection and compaction of DNA. This preservation is essential for maintaining the integrity of the genetic information throughout the life cycle of the cell, particularly during replication and division.